Oakland Genesis World Cup Challenge

 28 Summers ago my dad brought me to Stanford Stadium to see Cameroon vs Brazil in the '94 World Cup! I've been married to the game ever since. I traveled to South Africa and Brazil to participate as a coach, fan, volunteer and global citizen, but I didn't go to Russia and won't be going to Qatar. 

My favorite event—the most culturally powerful event in the world—has been corrupted by greed and disregard for human rights. But the beautiful game will always be a powerful vehicle for social good—they can't take that away from us.

This time around help me make something good of this event by participating in the Oakland Genesis World Cup Challenge!! Donate $20, fill out and submit your bracket, maybe win a prize, DEFINITELY support the beautiful game in its uncorrupted form.
 

 

Oakland Genesis provides competitive soccer, transportation, academic support and mentoring to student-athletes in East Oakland... all for FREE!!

Please donate and join the competition (or just donate!) at the following link.

www.oaklandgenesis.org/worldcupchallenge

@OaklandGenesis #thebeautifulgame #WorldCup2022 #Qatar2022 #OaklandGenesis

 

 

More Than Just Surviving

This week public school teachers and students returned to school after a high-profile strike that many of you probably heard at least little bit about. Everyone knows the teachers were fighting for a pay raise, and almost everyone agrees that they deserve(d) one. Before the strike, OUSD teachers were the lowest paid in the Bay Area—a difference of tens of thousands of dollars per year in salary. But here’s the thing—even after winning an 11% raise over a few years, OUSD teachers will STILL be the lowest paid in the Bay Area. TheIR new salaries will still leave many of them unable to afford to live in the city where they work, where the average rent for a one bedroom apartment is almost $3,000 per month.

Showing cross country solidarity while at the 17th Annual Alumni of Color Conference at Harvard Graduate School of Education

I’m writing about this not to rain on anyone’s parade, but to suggest that we have to do more. We have to fight for more because we want to do more than just survive.

Some reading this will ask if enough will ever be enough. They will say that unions are the problem, quality is not about money, and other such ideas that I’m not going to demolish in this particular blog post. If you think it’s time to celebrate and head to back to business, I want you to consider few things.

First, the #OaklandTeacherStrike was about a lot more than teacher pay. In fact, that’s exactly why students and families were virtually unanimous in their support of teachers. During the week-long strike, fewer than 5% of students attended school. Many parents came together to form Solidarity Schools, where students could go instead of crossing the picket lines. The strike was also about stopping school closures, reducing class sizes, increasing support staff such as counselors and nurses, and challenging the unchecked expansion of charter schools in Oakland. 

On Sunday, OUSD teachers converged on the Paramount Theater to cast their votes for or against the Tentative Agreement reached between the district and union leadership. Before the vote was even cast, journalists and politicians across the country were celebrating the historic agreement as an across-the-board win. But what you might not have read in those articles is that fewer than two thirds of the teachers actually voted "yes" in support of the new contract. You also may have missed what happened on social media after news of the vote outcome was announced.* So many students were expressing feelings of anger, betrayal and frustration—feeling that their teachers "sold out." That’s because while the salary increase is significant and clear cut, many other aspects of the new contract are quite weak. For example, class sizes may be reduced by only 1 or 2 students in many cases, still leaving many teachers with more students than desks. 

The contract also does not change the fact the district plans to close up to 24 schools, the vast majority of which lie in low income Black and Brown neighborhoods of Oakland. Many people agree that OUSD is operating “too many” schools based on the number of students it’s serving. We certainly don’t all agree on what is causing this low enrollment, and whether charter schools are a systemic threat, a systemic solution, or both. What I do know is that closing a school is incredibly painful and harmful to the community and families that it serves. Just last year I visited my neighborhood school in East Oakland as I look forward to having children of my own (nobody’s pregnant). I met the principal, got a little tour, and started envisioning what it might be like to be a parent in that school community. And then I read last month that the school would be closing. Destabilizing to say the least, and I don’t even have kids at the school. While I see the logic of consolidating to reduce overhead cost, there's one question I can find no logical or respectable answer to: "How is it possible that we simultaneously have critical levels of under-enrollment AND overflowing classrooms? Let me know if you have an answer.

Throughout the strike and leading up to the vote, I was deliberately agnostic about whether to support the Tentative Agreement, either publicly or privately. For one, I’m not a public school teacher or member of the union. Primarily, I just wanted to support the teachers, students. But it's important for people to understand that many students, and many of OUSD teachers opposed the new contract. Why? Because they want to do more than just survive.

Survival is critical, but living in survival mode can be crippling to the development of a human being  or the progress of a community. Today in 2019, so many marginalized communities are being pushed to survival mode that actual systemic progress has become a secondary priority… and that is not an accident. When Black History Month rolled around this year, I was already feeling exhausted with fighting White supremacy this year! Yes, my ancestors are rolling their eyes, but the feeling of fatigue is real and can be debilitating. This BHM, I hardly posted, didn’t work much on the #28StoriesProject. My observance was limited to staying Black, leading a high school field trip to the Western Addition, and reading two very good books.**

Honey, Hush! An Anthology of African American Women's Humor - Edited by Daryl Cumber Dance

Trials, Tribulations and Celebrations: African-American Perspectives on Health, Illness, Aging and Loss - Edited by Marian Gray Secundy

I did not in any way give myself a pass, but did need to gather some strength for the work ahead. The motto for this year—better yet, the battlecry—is “more than just surviving.” This theme is borrowed directly from title of Dr. Bettina Love’s newly released book, We Want to Do More Than Survive: Abolitionist Teaching and the Pursuit of Educational Freedom. This summer, when we reconvene for the 3rd Annual 2020 Conference in Oakland, Dr. Love will be back as our Warrior in Residence. This year’s theme is “More Than Just Surviving.”

I’m excited to once again bring Dr. Love into conversation with high school students of Oakland and the greater Bay Area. The Conference will be a space for them to define what it means and looks like to break out of survival mode, to build the communities and world that they really want to live in. 

We also know that our youth cannot do this work alone—they need us to support, lead, and in some cases follow them. If you are an adult, one of the ways you can support is by helping a student get to 2020 Conference this summer.

Today we are kicking off our fundraising campaign for the 3rd Annual 2020 Conference, and I ask that you help us make this happen. We welcome and depend on contributions of any amount, but I want to encourage you to go big this time. Please consider making an online donation today… 

Thank you for reading, thank you for supporting, and thank you for not settling for survival.

Pura Vida,

Drew

As a special thank you and kick in the butt, we have a special gift for every person that makes a donation of $100 or more before Monday, March 11th… 

an autographed copy of 

We Want to Do More Than Survive!

CLICK HERE TO DONATE ONLINE TODAY

If you live in the Bay Area, please consider joining us as we host a book signing and conversation with Dr. Bettina Love at Marcus Books in Oakland, the nation’s oldest Black-owned bookstore.

Sunday, March 10th

2pm - 4pm

Marcus Books Oakland

3900 MLK Jr Way

Oakland, CA

Dr. Bettina Love

w/ USF Professor Dr. Farima Pour-Khorshid

* I have a pretty strict policy of not following my students, or other minors on social media, mostly because I don't want to know. But we stay very connected with them for the "work" via our organization's social media accounts, so we really get a window into the world of high school instagram, for better or for worse. (instagram: @youtheducation4success; twitter: @YES4org, Facebook: @YES4

** The first book (Honey, Hush) was recommended by the good peoples at Marcus Books. I inherited the second book (Trials Tribulations and Celebrations) from my grandmother, via my mom. The inside is signed by the editor with a special message to the late Vera Foster.

Affirmative Action

This time next week I will be back in the classroom after a semester away. The truth is, I’ve always loved education and working with young people a lot more than I’ve loved school. That’s why I spend so much time doing my work “off campus.” I won’t be headed back to a full load—I’ll just be teaching one class: “Education Now.” I’ve taught this class a few times before, and each time it’s a little different. As I pulled together the syllabus, I’m considering what to prioritize—what to information emphasize, which questions to pose, and which conversations to instigate. 

One thing that is always on the menu is a discussion about affirmative action, starting with what it is, and what it is not. It never ceases to blow my mind—and frustrate the hell out of me—how deeply misunderstood and misrepresented this concept has always been. One thing I always try to help my students appreciate is that affirmative action is not any specific policy—it’s more like a guiding recommendation. So when someone gives a passionate speech about why they are for or against affirmative action, I ask them to clarify what it is that they’re talking about, and then we take it from there. I won’t be using this post to try to break this all down—if you want to know more, I highly recommend the book, All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the first Half Century of Brown v Board of Education, by Charles J. Ogletree, Jr. This post is not really about education policy or segregation—it’s just inspired by the concept of affirmative action.

People either love making new year’s resolutions, vow to never do it, or don’t really care. I can’t really say which group I fall in, but I took like to use the new year as an excuse to run an audit on how things are going. I’m not big no resolving to stop doing stuff. My most gratifying resolutions have come when I’ve committed to continuing to do something… or when I resolve to turn an occasional practice into an actual habit. The best resolution I ever made was to read 52 books that year. The first year I went for it (2010), I fell two books short, but was proud of the effort and enjoyed the ride. Since then, I’ve hit the mark every year, even if it means disappearing for a week or two at some point to get caught up.

In August 2017 I decided to focus my reading for the month on theme of Black August. By the end of the month, I felt well-schooled and started reflecting more on the choices I make about what I read and what I don’t read. I wouldn’t say it’s random or deliberate, but I try to read all types of books. I tended to think that I was covering all the bases pretty well. But then I question crawled into my head that I couldn’t shake. How often do I read books written by women.  I assumed the answer would be plenty—maybe a little less than books written by men, but not too out of proportion. After considering the question for a while, I decided to get an actual answer. I was embarrassed. The numbers were not pretty. I estimated that for every book written by a women, I read more than four written by men. My first reaction was to say, “OK, I will try to read more books written by women.” But for some reason, the idea of affirmative action popped into my head—probably because I had recently been arguing about it with someone. Somehow I knew that trying to read more books by women was just not going to do it. I knew that my good intentions or consciousness of the problem would not actually correct the imbalance, at least not in my lifetime. So I thought, what if I just stop reading books by men for a while. The idea felt extreme or radical at first. What about all the great works, current and classic, that I would be missing out of, just because they were written by men?! But then it just started to sound like the only plan that made practical sense. Stop the bleeding! Moratorium on dude-writers.

So, is January 2019 and I haven’t read a book written by a man since August 2017. And it’s been lovely. I read so many things that I wouldn’t have otherwise. And I’ve read about familiar topics, but from different perspectives. It’s not exactly like there aren’t enough parts of my life where I get the opinions and perspective of men. All those great works that I’m missing out on… they will still be there when the moratorium ends. I have no clue when that will be. The sad thing is that this “extreme” policy still hasn’t been enough to bring my bookshelf into full equilibrium. It's been struggle... like that time in New Orleans when I asked the bookshop proprietor to recommend some plays written by women. His response: "There really aren't any." (!) But I’m enjoying it and I’m gonna keep going for now.

Before I sign off, I want to share with you some of my favorites from 2018. There are always too many to pick from, so I’ve decided to limit my recommendations to non-fiction. Please don’t get the impression that I only read books about the depressing state of the world today. This is just a snapshot of some recent books written by women that have helped me understand what’s going on, and what we might do about it. 

Last year I had my students in "Education Now" read Chapter One from this book as their first assignment. I got to meet Professor Levinson at HGSE during a book talk with a small group of students. It makes an extremely compelling case for why we need civic education and engagement curriculum in our schools.

Kelly Knight shares her findings, reflections and experiences from spending time with women who live in San Francisco's single room occupancy hotels. The title gives more than a hint about what they are struggling through, but the book goes deeper and broader to help explain the systemic nature of things.

The title of this book by makes it sound like a kooky conspiracy, but it is anything but that. Meticulously researched and well-written by Duke University Professor Nancy MacLean , this is a critical read for anyone that cares about national politics in our country. I learned a lot, and had never fully appreciated the connection between think tanks and privately funded "research" on policy. 

The badassery of Dr. Love is becoming a recurring topic in this blog. This book won't be released until February 19th this year, but I was luck to get an advanced copy from her. I will be writing more about this one in an upcoming post, so stay tuned for that!

This book is straight up scary and there's not other way for me to describe it. MIT Professor Andrea Louise Campbell shares the story of how a tragic car accident has changed the lives sister-in-law and their family. You can argue and debate about healthcare in this country all you want. There is nothing like studying an issue at the individual level—how does stuff all play out for a single person, or family? The answer is frightening, but we all need to fully understand how unsafe and insecure we are in this country. 

I hope you can all make more time for the things you love this year, whether it's reading books, fighting the power or playing pinochle. Let's make it a great one.

Pura Vida,

Drew

PS: Please do NOT watch the "State of the Union" address on January 29th. Do anything instead. Thanks.

We Did It

I've been married for one month and some change... this is the life. I won't even try to share everything about our wedding that made it amazing. Instead, here's a piece of that day that is especially important to me—maybe the most important part about it all. It's certainly the part that I better not never even think about forgetting. And so, with my Boo's permission, I'm going public with my vows.

____________

Allison,

I vow to be there. To show up. To be on point, on beat and always in tune with you.

I vow to be consistent, reliable, dependable and on time... to be your personal drummer.

I vow to keep learning from you about what it means to always be kind and considerate, and to get better at it so that you don't always have to be that person for both of us.

I vow to continue being your personal chef, and to make fewer dishes along the way. I vow to learn how to cook Armenian food.

I vow to keep making trips to Tulsa and back.

I vow to keep supporting your snacking habit in a responsible fashion.

I vow to tell you more often that you are beautiful, regardless of how obvious it is to everyone in every room you've ever been in... to keep asking you out on dates in the middle of the week, and to keep sharing plates.

I vow to never forget who you are, and to never ask you to change. But I also vow to grow with you as you do change, because change will come.

I vow to keep it simple, except during Carnaval, in which case I vow to turn up with you every year until our knees and back just won't let us anymore.

I vow to become that adorable old couple with you. The ones whose names are always mentioned together... like Wil and Carolyn*... still two people, but hard to imagine without each other.

I vow to keep you at the center and to let our life together flow from there.

 ____________

* Wil & Carolyn are my Godparents... they served as Officiant and Flower Girl at our wedding.

The following photos demonstrate that, so far, I have stuck by my vow to support Allison in her global snacking adventures... This is us (her) pictured exploring the various treats available in Kenya (and Dubai) on our honeymoon.

 

Shots & Thoughts

There is nothing quite like the acute anxiety caused by planning a big, important event. I know this because I use to throw hip hop shows for a non-living. No matter how dope the headliner, or how fly the flyer, there is only so much you can control, and so much you cannot plan for. All you can do is do your best and hope that once you build it, they will come.

I am less than two weeks away from walking down the aisle with my Boo-stress. That will certainly be big—maybe the biggest and most important day of my life. Thankfully, the real burden of planning our wedding has been borne by my better half, so I will not be writing about any of that anxiety today (thank you Boo, for real). In fact, when I do write about our wedding and our marriage, I’ll be writing to you from the other side—the other side of that threshold, and the other side of the planet! We don’t plan on bringing our laptops on our honeymoon, but a trip or two to the internet cafe might be in the cards.

Today, I’m actually writing about the anxiety caused by organizing another event, one that was big and important in a different way. After months of planning and preparations, the 2nd Annual 2020 Conference went down last week in Oakland, and all I can say is, “they did it!”

I didn’t think I would try to write a full recap of the six days. I always feel a bit unenthusiastic about trying to capture a deep and transformative experience in a concise report-back to friends and family. It’s kind of like when we got back from two years in the Peace Corps and people would ask, “how was it?” Really?! How was it? After getting that question a lot, I actually started refusing to answer it. Ask me a real question! What do you actually want to know about? Please people, meet me halfway.

Like I said, I wasn’t sure I would write this kind of post, but now it’s the week after and it feels right. So much happened last week and I actually really do want to share so much of that with the world now. Questions were asked, dots were connected, plans were made, and actions were taken. And while there was a whole lot of planning that went into the 2020 Conference, the truth is that our plans only mattered because dozens of individual young people decided to step forward and do the work. Like I said, they did it!

I am so proud of them and of our team that I will probably find ways to work this topic into every conversation I have for the next few months—bear with me for a bit. Hopefully, sharing some of the experience here will help you understand why this project is so important to me. At the very least, posting a few pictures and writing a little bit will help me process it all.

So, here goes…

Shots and Thoughts from the 2nd Annual 2020 Conference

The Odd Couple: your assignment is to find the person in the room that you have the least in common with.

 Freestyle Soccer session led by @OaklandStreetStylers

 Young, Intelligent, Black men getting ready for Part 1 of
"The Kanye Workshop" led by Justin Morgan of the Cafuné Project

Kevin spent more time in jail than these young people have spent on earth. He shared his story as part of the writing workshop facilitated by The Beat Within.

Wednesday, July 18th was Nelson Mandela's 100th Birthday. We took this photo with Mystic, Dr. Bettina Love and the folks from the Beat Within before heading out to a volunteer project.

That time when the young homie discovered what an artichoke really looks like. We observed Mandela Day by volunteering at the edible schoolyard and community garden at Stonehurst Elementary in East Oakland.

 "Defining a Social Problem"

This is one of my favorite things to teach! I've been refining this curriculum for years and it's always exciting to help high school students develop the tools to untangle messy problems and construct a deeper understanding of what's going on in the world.

College isn't everything, but it's pretty damn important! This year we were able to offer multiple simultaneous workshops, offering more choice to students. Check out this college counseling session for rising 10th Graders!

 When your students decide to sit in a circle in start playing charades at lunch. Not pictured: Knox working the grill. Thankfully, nobody called the cops on us so we were able to enjoy our BBQ at Lake Merritt in peace!

Outside of the Oakland Museum of California, giving respect due to Shino Smoke, who made time to share his story with the youth at the 2020 Conference. #RespectStyleWisdom

That time when you went to the museum with your teacher... and your teacher was part of the exhibit. We are blessed with an all around badass team, but it is particularly priceless having Mystic serve on our Leadership Team, for so many reasons!

 You got beats? This will be on the test!

 One of the highlights of the week was the Candidates Forum for Youth! Five people who are currently running for local office made time to come engage with and take questions from the youth at the 2020 Conference. My job was to stay non-partisan and to make sure they answered the questions. It was dope! Pictured from left to right: Mya Whitaker, Loren Taylor, Ken Houston, Cat Brooks, Jim Johnson, and your boy.

Discussing Peace Corps with future volunteers! Allison is the organized one with the slides—I'm the one chiming in here and there.

I hope these photos give you some hope for the future when you may need it most. I know that I will be looking at them and many more pics whenever I need a boost this year. This is some of the most gratifying work I've ever done, and I've gotten into a lot of stuff over the last few decades. My last few posts have made reference to the professional leap of faith that I am taking. As I write today, I'm feeling like my faith was truly rewarded last week, but I will feel even better when we've raised enough money to pay for all of this. My faith also extends to the financial realm.

I invite you again to support this work by donating online today if you think that what we are doing is important. When I see you next time I will thank you, and you can ask me to tell you more about the 2020 Conference. Ask me why we do it. Ask me to tell you all about one of our students—what social issues they care about, what their dream career is, what school they are going to, or where they want to get an internship next. Ask me about Mystic, Dr. Love, The Beat Within, and Oakland Street Stylers, and how we will stay connected with them all. You can ask me almost anything—just don't ask, "how was it?"

Pura Vida,

Drew

Alam shares his #theoryofchange on the last day of this summer's 2020 Conference.

*wedding photo by Becca Henry

Re-Entry for Round Two

When I woke up this morning, I just didn’t feel like celebrating my country. Admittedly, I did fall asleep the night before listening to an episode of Pod Save America about the recent resignation of Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy. It’s hard not to be supremely disturbed by what this means on so many fronts, for so many people, but the feeling I’m carrying is deeper than that event or podcast episode, regardless of how deflating both were.

It took many years—in fact, most of my life to date—to develop any true sense of pride or belonging in the United States of America. I’ve written about that journey and evolution in previous posts on this blog, including “American Unexceptionalism,” (6/24/14). That pride has been challenged more than ever by the role that our country is playing in the world, and by the absolute backwards direction that we are now headed in. That is not a partisan statement, just an acknowledgement of the current state of affairs.

I spent the last week of June in my happy place, with no cell phone reception, wi-fi, or access to the news of the world. I’m not gonna lie, that’s part of what makes it my happy place. For the last two decades, I’ve done my best to make it to Jazz Camp West each summer—it’s my chance to shed, serve*, vibrate, and yes, hide. I keep it moving at a pretty intense pace, so this week is a critical chance for me to slow down, reset, and recharge. The tricky part is that with work piling up, sometimes a break from it only causes more stress.

Last summer, I also had a long overdue trip back to Colombia planned—tickets purchased and all. But I never ended up getting on that plane. At some point, it dawned on me just how much work we had to do to get ready for the 1st Annual 2020 Conference later that summer. I just knew that I would regret taking two weeks off, so the airfare went to waste, and I’m still overdue for a trip back to my other home and family. While I canceled my trip abroad, I still made it to Jazz Camp last year, and I don’t regret that decision at all. The 2020 Conference was an incredible experience, and I only had the juice to lead that effort because I was able to get my mind right before the big show.

About a month ago, I was again feeling like maybe disappearing for a week this year was not a good idea. We still had so much to do—outreach efforts to students, organizing workshops, raising money, and more. Would I be emerging from the woods to face the harsh reality of being under-prepared and behind schedule? Would I regret not spending every waking hour trying to make this year’s conference as beautiful as last year? Plus, was I really ready to miss a full week of the World Cup?***

There was another piece that made me pause. Granted, the nightly news has been bleak for some time, not just because the bad news sells. I know I’m not the only one that felt an increased sense of urgency as I learned more about what was happening on this country’s southern border. Unlike many in the socialmediasphere, I was not shocked. As some have pointed out, "you know who" is not the first president to criminalize the pursuit of the American Dream. Our country’s immigration policies have long been at odds with the words etched on the Statue of Liberty. While I was not surprised by what was going on, I was certainly pissed off. Not like, disturbed by the status quo—I mean heated. I’m not the only who felt like driving straight to Texas to… well, that was the problem… to do what?

I was able to find some peace, not because things are better now, but because I know what I want to do about it, and I’m already doing that. In fact, I am so sure about this that I recently I left my teaching and I've accepted the position as Executive Director of Youth Education for Success**, the non-profit that hosts the 2020 Conference. I used to accept that Camp was a magical place where everything worked, while the "real world" just isn't. But I can no longer embrace the bubble mentality—not at camp and not at a private school. The truth is, things inside the bubble are never as perfect as they seem.**** Also, those of us who benefit from those special spaces also have a responsibility beyond that bubble. We have a responsibility to address inequity, thereby reducing the need for that protective bubble in the first place.

I was blessed to spend over a week with my music family—hiding from the news, serving a community that has served me, and stepping up my skills on the bass (thank you Steve Hogan and Mary McSweeney for the schooling!). I was also able to disappear in peace because I am not alone in this work—our team is deep with amazing warriors like Knox, Mystic, Dr. Love, Jenny Schneider and my brother Al. We even have a few young interns that have decided to give their time and effort to support the project that they're benefiting from.

Now we are ready. Our work is with the youth, helping them prepare to fully join this struggle to cook up some more love, equity and compassion in our world. That’s why we started the 2020 Conference, and that’s why we’re coming back strong this summer for year number two. This is a non-partisan project, and we welcome support from anyone who cares about youth. Just like last year, we really need your help to make this project work. There are no big grants, no social media tycoons to foot the bill. Just people like you that understand the value of fully preparing our youth to make the changes in the world that they want to see. We need to raise over $10,000 this month—we did it last year, and we will do it again, and we hope you can contribute something, no matter what the amount.

Please click here to make a tax-deductible donation in support of the 2020 Conference. The 2020 Conference is a week-long empowerment and capacity-building experience for Bay Area high school students. We run a lean ship, powered by the efforts of volunteers—every penny is well spent, most of it in our local economy. Be that change, spare some change, make some change! The students thank you in advance for your love and your money!

Pura Vida,
Drew

*After a few years of participating as a teenage camper, I joined the Crew. This is the most motley of motley production crews. We are the musicians, dancers, and characters who are are also responsible for lugging gear around and setting good vibes for the week.

** Youth Education for Success provides and supports programs that enrich the creative capacity of youth for real world excellence.

*** The last few times I missed Jazz Camp, it was because I was out of the country, including South Africa 2010 and Brazil 2014. I did survive missing a week of this year's tournament, and I've been doing my best to make up for that lost time.

**** After three decades of being decidedly un-woke, we are now making an effort to recognize the Ohlone peoples and the land where Jazz Camp takes place each year. Thank you to Carmen, of the Bear and Eagle Apache clans, for pushing and leading us on this front.

(photo by Craig Cochrane)